Running: ./testmodel.py --libraries=/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries --ompython_omhome=/usr Buildings_10_Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y.conf.json loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Buildings 10.1.0-maint.10.0.x/package.mo", uses=false) Using package Buildings with version 10.1.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Buildings 10.1.0-maint.10.0.x/package.mo) Using package Modelica with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Using package Complex with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Using package ModelicaServices with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Running command: "" <> buildModelFMU(Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y,fileNamePrefix="Buildings_10_Buildings_Fluid_HeatPumps_Examples_Carnot_y",fmuType="me",version="2.0",platforms={"static"}) "" <> buildModelFMU(Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y,fileNamePrefix="Buildings_10_Buildings_Fluid_HeatPumps_Examples_Carnot_y",fmuType="me",version="2.0",platforms={"static"}) Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.001719/0.001719, allocations: 111.3 kB / 15.23 MB, free: 0.6406 MB / 14.72 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.002074/0.002074, allocations: 195 kB / 16.14 MB, free: 6.711 MB / 14.72 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 1.461/1.461, allocations: 222.9 MB / 239.8 MB, free: 4.621 MB / 190.1 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Buildings 10.1.0-maint.10.0.x/package.mo): time 2.662/2.662, allocations: 437 MB / 0.7099 GB, free: 5.324 MB / 0.5606 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - loaded program: time 0.001458/0.001458, allocations: 67.91 kB / 0.8686 GB, free: 5.117 MB / 0.7169 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - Absyn->SCode: time 0.623/0.6245, allocations: 151.6 MB / 1.017 GB, free: 2.797 MB / 0.7637 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instantiate(Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y): time 0.08201/0.7065, allocations: 74.76 MB / 1.09 GB, free: 7.793 MB / 0.8419 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instExpressions: time 0.02407/0.7306, allocations: 15.22 MB / 1.105 GB, free: 8.539 MB / 0.8575 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.updateImplicitVariability: time 0.003377/0.7341, allocations: 63.56 kB / 1.105 GB, free: 8.477 MB / 0.8575 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeComponents: time 0.002802/0.7369, allocations: 0.676 MB / 1.105 GB, free: 7.797 MB / 0.8575 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeBindings: time 0.007428/0.7444, allocations: 2.384 MB / 1.108 GB, free: 5.402 MB / 0.8575 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeClassSections: time 0.003741/0.7482, allocations: 1.268 MB / 1.109 GB, free: 4.145 MB / 0.8575 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.flatten: time 0.007071/0.7552, allocations: 5.554 MB / 1.114 GB, free: 14.58 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.resolveConnections: time 0.002362/0.7576, allocations: 1.194 MB / 1.115 GB, free: 13.35 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of NFEvalConstants.evaluate: time 0.003327/0.761, allocations: 1.369 MB / 1.117 GB, free: 11.97 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of NFSimplifyModel.simplify: time 0.002468/0.7635, allocations: 1.194 MB / 1.118 GB, free: 10.77 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of NFPackage.collectConstants: time 0.0005326/0.764, allocations: 72 kB / 1.118 GB, free: 10.7 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.collectFunctions: time 0.004059/0.7681, allocations: 1.259 MB / 1.119 GB, free: 9.441 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of NFScalarize.scalarize: time 0.000652/0.7687, allocations: 306.6 kB / 1.12 GB, free: 9.141 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of NFVerifyModel.verify: time 0.001847/0.7706, allocations: 0.82 MB / 1.12 GB, free: 8.316 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of NFConvertDAE.convert: time 0.004979/0.7756, allocations: 2.777 MB / 1.123 GB, free: 5.531 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - DAE generated: time 7.203e-06/0.7756, allocations: 7.984 kB / 1.123 GB, free: 5.523 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd: time 1.633e-06/0.7756, allocations: 4 kB / 1.123 GB, free: 5.52 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of Transformations before backend: time 8.641e-05/0.7757, allocations: 3.938 kB / 1.123 GB, free: 5.516 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the front-end and creating the data structures used by the back-end: * Number of equations: 240 * Number of variables: 240 Notification: Performance of Generate backend data structure: time 0.005062/0.7808, allocations: 2.075 MB / 1.125 GB, free: 3.371 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of prepare preOptimizeDAE: time 5.597e-05/0.7809, allocations: 8.031 kB / 1.125 GB, free: 3.363 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt introduceOutputAliases (simulation): time 0.0002703/0.7811, allocations: 144.1 kB / 1.125 GB, free: 3.215 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt normalInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0009662/0.7821, allocations: 234.8 kB / 1.125 GB, free: 2.984 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt evaluateParameters (simulation): time 0.002927/0.7851, allocations: 1.489 MB / 1.127 GB, free: 1.441 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt simplifyIfEquations (simulation): time 8.508e-05/0.7852, allocations: 81.94 kB / 1.127 GB, free: 1.359 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt expandDerOperator (simulation): time 0.0001822/0.7853, allocations: 107.9 kB / 1.127 GB, free: 1.254 MB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt clockPartitioning (simulation): time 0.002223/0.7876, allocations: 1.096 MB / 1.128 GB, free: 128 kB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt findStateOrder (simulation): time 3.046e-05/0.7876, allocations: 0 / 1.128 GB, free: 128 kB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt replaceEdgeChange (simulation): time 9.931e-05/0.7877, allocations: 43.98 kB / 1.128 GB, free: 84 kB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 4.227e-05/0.7878, allocations: 28 kB / 1.128 GB, free: 56 kB / 0.8731 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt removeEqualRHS (simulation): time 0.002065/0.7898, allocations: 0.8861 MB / 1.129 GB, free: 15.17 MB / 0.8887 GB Warning: The model contains alias variables with redundant start and/or conflicting nominal values. It is recommended to resolve the conflicts, because otherwise the system could be hard to solve. To print the conflicting alias sets and the chosen candidates please use -d=aliasConflicts. Notification: Performance of preOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.007225/0.7971, allocations: 4.904 MB / 1.134 GB, free: 9.977 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt comSubExp (simulation): time 0.001547/0.7987, allocations: 0.6209 MB / 1.135 GB, free: 9.348 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt resolveLoops (simulation): time 0.0007002/0.7994, allocations: 342.3 kB / 1.135 GB, free: 9.012 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt evalFunc (simulation): time 0.000671/0.8001, allocations: 0.8277 MB / 1.136 GB, free: 8 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt encapsulateWhenConditions (simulation): time 3.628e-05/0.8001, allocations: 51.05 kB / 1.136 GB, free: 7.941 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of pre-optimization done (n=61): time 4.689e-06/0.8001, allocations: 3.984 kB / 1.136 GB, free: 7.938 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=61): time 0.00732/0.8075, allocations: 1.685 MB / 1.137 GB, free: 6.223 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of inlineWhenForInitialization (initialization): time 4.151e-05/0.8075, allocations: 59.95 kB / 1.137 GB, free: 6.152 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of selectInitializationVariablesDAE (initialization): time 0.002099/0.8096, allocations: 1.21 MB / 1.139 GB, free: 4.926 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of collectPreVariables (initialization): time 0.0001327/0.8098, allocations: 41.7 kB / 1.139 GB, free: 4.879 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of collectInitialEqns (initialization): time 0.0006001/0.8104, allocations: 0.6104 MB / 1.139 GB, free: 4.262 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of collectInitialBindings (initialization): time 0.0002647/0.8107, allocations: 205 kB / 1.139 GB, free: 4.059 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of simplifyInitialFunctions (initialization): time 0.0002893/0.811, allocations: 162.5 kB / 1.14 GB, free: 3.895 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of setup shared object (initialization): time 0.0001308/0.8111, allocations: 333.9 kB / 1.14 GB, free: 3.562 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of preBalanceInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.0007031/0.8118, allocations: 296.6 kB / 1.14 GB, free: 3.27 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of partitionIndependentBlocks (initialization): time 0.0009219/0.8128, allocations: 492.8 kB / 1.141 GB, free: 2.703 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of analyzeInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.001579/0.8143, allocations: 0.7128 MB / 1.141 GB, free: 1.938 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of solveInitialSystemEqSystem (initialization): time 7.023e-06/0.8144, allocations: 0 / 1.141 GB, free: 1.938 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=88) (initialization): time 0.005001/0.8194, allocations: 1.273 MB / 1.143 GB, free: 0.6523 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 3.396e-05/0.8194, allocations: 8 kB / 1.143 GB, free: 0.6445 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 1.216e-05/0.8194, allocations: 4 kB / 1.143 GB, free: 0.6406 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 0.0006267/0.8201, allocations: 141 kB / 1.143 GB, free: 0.5 MB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 0.0006347/0.8207, allocations: 167.7 kB / 1.143 GB, free: 344 kB / 0.8887 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 0.0009091/0.8216, allocations: 0.6967 MB / 1.144 GB, free: 15.61 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.00134/0.823, allocations: 167 kB / 1.144 GB, free: 15.45 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 8.326e-05/0.8231, allocations: 31.98 kB / 1.144 GB, free: 15.42 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of preBalanceInitialSystem (initialization_lambda0): time 0.001151/0.8243, allocations: 0.5565 MB / 1.144 GB, free: 14.86 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of partitionIndependentBlocks (initialization_lambda0): time 0.0008676/0.8251, allocations: 488.8 kB / 1.145 GB, free: 14.3 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of analyzeInitialSystem (initialization_lambda0): time 0.001414/0.8266, allocations: 0.705 MB / 1.145 GB, free: 13.55 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of solveInitialSystemEqSystem (initialization_lambda0): time 5.189e-06/0.8266, allocations: 4 kB / 1.145 GB, free: 13.55 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=88) (initialization_lambda0): time 0.004881/0.8315, allocations: 1.265 MB / 1.147 GB, free: 12.27 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 1.697e-05/0.8315, allocations: 9.875 kB / 1.147 GB, free: 12.27 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 6.943e-06/0.8315, allocations: 4 kB / 1.147 GB, free: 12.26 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 0.0005032/0.832, allocations: 149 kB / 1.147 GB, free: 12.11 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 0.0006/0.8326, allocations: 155.8 kB / 1.147 GB, free: 11.96 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 0.0008256/0.8335, allocations: 0.6967 MB / 1.148 GB, free: 11.24 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.001283/0.8348, allocations: 143.5 kB / 1.148 GB, free: 11.1 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 7.14e-05/0.8348, allocations: 28 kB / 1.148 GB, free: 11.07 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for initialization: * Number of independent subsystems: 16 * Number of states: 0 () * Number of discrete variables: 0 () * Number of discrete states: 0 () * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for initialization (78): * Single equations (assignments): 77 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 0 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 0 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (not torn): 0 * Torn equation systems: 1 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Torn system details for strict tearing set: * Linear torn systems (#iteration vars, #inner vars, density): 0 systems * Non-linear torn systems (#iteration vars, #inner vars): 1 system {(1,10)} Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.0002765/0.8351, allocations: 225.6 kB / 1.148 GB, free: 10.84 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt lateInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0003743/0.8355, allocations: 138.3 kB / 1.148 GB, free: 10.71 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt wrapFunctionCalls (simulation): time 0.004754/0.8403, allocations: 1.267 MB / 1.149 GB, free: 9.422 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 2.294e-05/0.8403, allocations: 8 kB / 1.149 GB, free: 9.414 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt constantLinearSystem (simulation): time 1.288e-05/0.8403, allocations: 0 / 1.149 GB, free: 9.414 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifysemiLinear (simulation): time 0.004116/0.8444, allocations: 1.099 MB / 1.151 GB, free: 8.281 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.007044/0.8515, allocations: 2.614 MB / 1.153 GB, free: 5.555 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (simulation): time 9.438e-06/0.8515, allocations: 4 kB / 1.153 GB, free: 5.551 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.0004829/0.852, allocations: 111.8 kB / 1.153 GB, free: 5.441 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (simulation): time 0.00049/0.8525, allocations: 133.2 kB / 1.153 GB, free: 5.309 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt inputDerivativesUsed (simulation): time 5.666e-05/0.8526, allocations: 19.98 kB / 1.153 GB, free: 5.289 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (simulation): time 0.004814/0.8574, allocations: 2.399 MB / 1.156 GB, free: 2.738 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStateSetsJacobians (simulation): time 5.21e-06/0.8574, allocations: 4 kB / 1.156 GB, free: 2.734 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt symbolicJacobian (simulation): time 0.00557/0.863, allocations: 1.703 MB / 1.157 GB, free: 0.9648 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt removeConstants (simulation): time 0.0008123/0.8638, allocations: 303.2 kB / 1.158 GB, free: 0.6484 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyTimeIndepFuncCalls (simulation): time 0.0003888/0.8642, allocations: 19.98 kB / 1.158 GB, free: 0.6289 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (simulation): time 0.001126/0.8654, allocations: 79.91 kB / 1.158 GB, free: 0.5508 MB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt findZeroCrossings (simulation): time 0.0001442/0.8655, allocations: 68.23 kB / 1.158 GB, free: 496 kB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (simulation): time 8.034e-05/0.8656, allocations: 35.97 kB / 1.158 GB, free: 460 kB / 0.9044 GB Notification: Performance of sorting global known variables: time 0.001617/0.8672, allocations: 0.8623 MB / 1.159 GB, free: 15.59 MB / 0.92 GB Notification: Performance of sort global known variables: time 2.11e-07/0.8672, allocations: 0 / 1.159 GB, free: 15.59 MB / 0.92 GB Notification: Performance of remove unused functions: time 0.002362/0.8696, allocations: 0.7096 MB / 1.159 GB, free: 14.88 MB / 0.92 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for simulation: * Number of independent subsystems: 15 * Number of states: 2 (heaPum.con.vol.dynBal.U,heaPum.eva.vol.dynBal.U) * Number of discrete variables: 0 () * Number of discrete states: 0 () * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for simulation (55): * Single equations (assignments): 50 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 0 * Record equations: 4 * When equations: 0 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (not torn): 0 * Torn equation systems: 1 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Torn system details for strict tearing set: * Linear torn systems (#iteration vars, #inner vars, density): 0 systems * Non-linear torn systems (#iteration vars, #inner vars): 1 system {(1,10)} Notification: Performance of Backend phase and start with SimCode phase: time 0.006602/0.8762, allocations: 2.584 MB / 1.162 GB, free: 12.22 MB / 0.92 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created initialization part: time 0.002767/0.879, allocations: 1.102 MB / 1.163 GB, free: 11.12 MB / 0.92 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created event and clocks part: time 5.35e-06/0.879, allocations: 0 / 1.163 GB, free: 11.12 MB / 0.92 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created simulation system equations: time 0.00157/0.8806, allocations: 0.5681 MB / 1.163 GB, free: 10.54 MB / 0.92 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created of all other equations (e.g. parameter, nominal, assert, etc): time 0.003936/0.8845, allocations: 0.7526 MB / 1.164 GB, free: 9.797 MB / 0.92 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created linear, non-linear and system jacobian parts: time 0.02502/0.9096, allocations: 10.85 MB / 1.175 GB, free: 14.43 MB / 0.9356 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: some other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.000873/0.9105, allocations: 1.183 MB / 1.176 GB, free: 13.22 MB / 0.9356 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: alias equations: time 0.001317/0.9118, allocations: 303 kB / 1.176 GB, free: 12.92 MB / 0.9356 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: all other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.0006997/0.9125, allocations: 0.5226 MB / 1.177 GB, free: 12.4 MB / 0.9356 GB Notification: Performance of SimCode: time 1.313e-06/0.9125, allocations: 4 kB / 1.177 GB, free: 12.4 MB / 0.9356 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: Generate the FMI files: time 0.07193/0.9845, allocations: 40.44 MB / 1.216 GB, free: 4.457 MB / 0.9669 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: configured platform static using cached values: time 0.0002161/0.9847, allocations: 258.5 kB / 1.217 GB, free: 4.105 MB / 0.9669 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: Generate platform static: time 2.87/3.854, allocations: 7.938 kB / 1.217 GB, free: 4.098 MB / 0.9669 GB (rm -f Buildings_10_Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y.pipe ; mkfifo Buildings_10_Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y.pipe ; head -c 1048576 < Buildings_10_Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y.pipe >> ../files/Buildings_10_Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y.sim & /home/hudson/saved_omc/OMSimulator/install/bin/OMSimulator -r=Buildings_10_Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y_res.mat --tempDir=temp_Buildings_10_Buildings_Fluid_HeatPumps_Examples_Carnot_y_fmu --startTime=0 --stopTime=3600 --timeout=50 --tolerance=1e-06 Buildings_10_Buildings_Fluid_HeatPumps_Examples_Carnot_y.fmu > Buildings_10_Buildings.Fluid.HeatPumps.Examples.Carnot_y.pipe 2>&1)