Running: ./testmodel.py --libraries=/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ --ompython_omhome=/usr IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow.conf.json loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/IDEAS 3.0.0/package.mo", uses=false) Using package IDEAS with version 3.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/IDEAS 3.0.0/package.mo) Using package Modelica with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Using package Complex with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Using package ModelicaServices with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Running command: translateModel(IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow,tolerance=1e-06,outputFormat="empty",numberOfIntervals=5000,variableFilter="",fileNamePrefix="IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow") translateModel(IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow,tolerance=1e-06,outputFormat="empty",numberOfIntervals=5000,variableFilter="",fileNamePrefix="IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow") Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.0007924/0.0007922, allocations: 97.64 kB / 15.36 MB, free: 0.7344 MB / 14.72 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.004886/0.004886, allocations: 170.1 kB / 16.27 MB, free: 6.652 MB / 14.72 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 1.402/1.402, allocations: 223.3 MB / 240.3 MB, free: 5.34 MB / 190.1 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/IDEAS 3.0.0/package.mo): time 0.7858/0.7858, allocations: 132.4 MB / 423.8 MB, free: 1.965 MB / 350.1 MB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - loaded program: time 0.0003702/0.0003703, allocations: 10.22 kB / 0.504 GB, free: 3.91 MB / 366.1 MB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - Absyn->SCode: time 0.4368/0.4371, allocations: 81.58 MB / 0.5837 GB, free: 4.043 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instantiate(IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow): time 0.1845/0.6217, allocations: 163.4 MB / 0.7432 GB, free: 12.5 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instExpressions: time 0.00411/0.6259, allocations: 2.196 MB / 0.7453 GB, free: 10.3 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.updateImplicitVariability: time 0.0003538/0.6263, allocations: 11.94 kB / 0.7454 GB, free: 10.29 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeComponents: time 0.0007248/0.627, allocations: 202.9 kB / 0.7456 GB, free: 10.09 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeBindings: time 0.001703/0.6287, allocations: 0.6342 MB / 0.7462 GB, free: 9.453 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeClassSections: time 0.001136/0.6298, allocations: 394 kB / 0.7465 GB, free: 9.07 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.flatten: time 0.003808/0.6337, allocations: 3.794 MB / 0.7503 GB, free: 5.266 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.resolveConnections: time 0.002913/0.6366, allocations: 2.363 MB / 0.7526 GB, free: 2.887 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFEvalConstants.evaluate: time 0.00286/0.6395, allocations: 1.113 MB / 0.7536 GB, free: 1.77 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFSimplifyModel.simplify: time 0.001596/0.6411, allocations: 0.8675 MB / 0.7545 GB, free: 0.8984 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFPackage.collectConstants: time 0.0002348/0.6413, allocations: 44 kB / 0.7545 GB, free: 0.8555 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.collectFunctions: time 0.001937/0.6433, allocations: 0.8964 MB / 0.7554 GB, free: 15.96 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of NFScalarize.scalarize: time 0.000501/0.6438, allocations: 330.8 kB / 0.7557 GB, free: 15.63 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of NFVerifyModel.verify: time 0.001025/0.6448, allocations: 0.5923 MB / 0.7563 GB, free: 15.03 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of NFConvertDAE.convert: time 0.001834/0.6467, allocations: 1.585 MB / 0.7579 GB, free: 13.44 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - DAE generated: time 4.448e-06/0.6467, allocations: 0 / 0.7579 GB, free: 13.44 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd: time 1.814e-06/0.6467, allocations: 0 / 0.7579 GB, free: 13.44 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of Transformations before backend: time 1.39e-05/0.6467, allocations: 0 / 0.7579 GB, free: 13.44 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the front-end and creating the data structures used by the back-end: * Number of equations: 136 * Number of variables: 136 Notification: Performance of Generate backend data structure: time 0.002518/0.6492, allocations: 1.48 MB / 0.7593 GB, free: 11.9 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of prepare preOptimizeDAE: time 4.315e-05/0.6493, allocations: 8.031 kB / 0.7593 GB, free: 11.89 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt normalInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0007932/0.6501, allocations: 194.3 kB / 0.7595 GB, free: 11.7 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt evaluateParameters (simulation): time 0.001246/0.6514, allocations: 0.8889 MB / 0.7604 GB, free: 10.75 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt simplifyIfEquations (simulation): time 4.874e-05/0.6514, allocations: 49.31 kB / 0.7604 GB, free: 10.71 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt expandDerOperator (simulation): time 0.0001088/0.6515, allocations: 64 kB / 0.7605 GB, free: 10.64 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt clockPartitioning (simulation): time 0.001493/0.653, allocations: 0.9948 MB / 0.7614 GB, free: 9.578 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt findStateOrder (simulation): time 1.975e-05/0.6531, allocations: 7.938 kB / 0.7614 GB, free: 9.57 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt replaceEdgeChange (simulation): time 6.588e-05/0.6531, allocations: 24 kB / 0.7615 GB, free: 9.547 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 1.444e-05/0.6532, allocations: 12 kB / 0.7615 GB, free: 9.535 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt removeEqualRHS (simulation): time 0.001267/0.6544, allocations: 0.8077 MB / 0.7623 GB, free: 8.727 MB / 0.5919 GB Warning: The model contains alias variables with redundant start and/or conflicting nominal values. It is recommended to resolve the conflicts, because otherwise the system could be hard to solve. To print the conflicting alias sets and the chosen candidates please use -d=aliasConflicts. Notification: Performance of preOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.004355/0.6588, allocations: 4.804 MB / 0.767 GB, free: 3.582 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt comSubExp (simulation): time 0.002565/0.6614, allocations: 4.027 MB / 0.7709 GB, free: 14.73 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt resolveLoops (simulation): time 0.0004936/0.6619, allocations: 356.5 kB / 0.7712 GB, free: 14.38 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt evalFunc (simulation): time 0.0002668/0.6622, allocations: 186.5 kB / 0.7714 GB, free: 14.16 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt encapsulateWhenConditions (simulation): time 0.0005437/0.6627, allocations: 329.1 kB / 0.7717 GB, free: 13.82 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt simplifyInStream (simulation): time 0.000308/0.663, allocations: 35.59 kB / 0.7718 GB, free: 13.79 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of pre-optimization done (n=35): time 2.043e-06/0.663, allocations: 4 kB / 0.7718 GB, free: 13.78 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=35): time 0.004604/0.6677, allocations: 1.505 MB / 0.7732 GB, free: 12.25 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of inlineWhenForInitialization (initialization): time 5.708e-05/0.6677, allocations: 81.11 kB / 0.7733 GB, free: 12.15 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of selectInitializationVariablesDAE (initialization): time 0.001569/0.6693, allocations: 1.184 MB / 0.7745 GB, free: 10.95 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of collectPreVariables (initialization): time 6.484e-05/0.6694, allocations: 33.7 kB / 0.7745 GB, free: 10.91 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of collectInitialEqns (initialization): time 0.000433/0.6698, allocations: 0.5161 MB / 0.775 GB, free: 10.39 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of collectInitialBindings (initialization): time 9.687e-05/0.6699, allocations: 126.2 kB / 0.7751 GB, free: 10.27 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of simplifyInitialFunctions (initialization): time 7.081e-05/0.67, allocations: 45.7 kB / 0.7752 GB, free: 10.21 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of setup shared object (initialization): time 0.0001016/0.6701, allocations: 326 kB / 0.7755 GB, free: 9.891 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of preBalanceInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.0004108/0.6705, allocations: 236.9 kB / 0.7757 GB, free: 9.656 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of partitionIndependentBlocks (initialization): time 0.0006281/0.6712, allocations: 0.562 MB / 0.7763 GB, free: 8.961 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of analyzeInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.000944/0.6721, allocations: 0.7036 MB / 0.7769 GB, free: 8.18 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of solveInitialSystemEqSystem (initialization): time 4.609e-06/0.6722, allocations: 3.938 kB / 0.7769 GB, free: 8.176 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=58) (initialization): time 0.002375/0.6745, allocations: 1.116 MB / 0.778 GB, free: 7.043 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.0001926/0.6747, allocations: 271.1 kB / 0.7783 GB, free: 6.695 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 1.09e-05/0.6748, allocations: 8 kB / 0.7783 GB, free: 6.688 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 0.001433/0.6762, allocations: 423 kB / 0.7787 GB, free: 6.273 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 0.0005361/0.6767, allocations: 115.7 kB / 0.7788 GB, free: 6.16 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 0.001676/0.6784, allocations: 1.659 MB / 0.7804 GB, free: 4.453 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.001081/0.6795, allocations: 96.12 kB / 0.7805 GB, free: 4.359 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 5.438e-05/0.6796, allocations: 27.94 kB / 0.7806 GB, free: 4.332 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 1.37e-05/0.6796, allocations: 4.094 kB / 0.7806 GB, free: 4.328 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt replaceHomotopyWithSimplified (initialization): time 0.001425/0.681, allocations: 0.7873 MB / 0.7813 GB, free: 3.531 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 8.826e-06/0.6811, allocations: 4 kB / 0.7813 GB, free: 3.527 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 0.0004861/0.6816, allocations: 213.2 kB / 0.7815 GB, free: 3.316 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 0.0003809/0.682, allocations: 103.9 kB / 0.7816 GB, free: 3.215 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 0.003362/0.6853, allocations: 2.923 MB / 0.7845 GB, free: 160 kB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.0009126/0.6863, allocations: 95.91 kB / 0.7846 GB, free: 64 kB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 4.475e-05/0.6863, allocations: 27.98 kB / 0.7846 GB, free: 36 kB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for initialization: * Number of independent subsystems: 24 * Number of states: 0 () * Number of discrete variables: 5 (pulse_m_flow.count,$PRE.pulse_m_flow.count,pulse_m_flow.T_start,$PRE.pulse_m_flow.T_start,$whenCondition1) * Number of discrete states: 0 () * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for initialization (38): * Single equations (assignments): 35 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 1 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 0 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (not torn): 1 * Torn equation systems: 1 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Equation system details (not torn): * Constant Jacobian (size): 0 systems * Linear Jacobian (size,density): 0 systems * Non-linear Jacobian (size): 1 system {1} * Without analytic Jacobian (size): 0 systems Notification: Torn system details for strict tearing set: * Linear torn systems (#iteration vars, #inner vars, density): 0 systems * Non-linear torn systems (#iteration vars, #inner vars): 1 system {(10,10)} Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.0005912/0.6869, allocations: 472.6 kB / 0.7851 GB, free: 15.56 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt lateInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0001304/0.687, allocations: 106.7 kB / 0.7852 GB, free: 15.46 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt wrapFunctionCalls (simulation): time 0.001446/0.6885, allocations: 0.8049 MB / 0.7859 GB, free: 14.64 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 7.383e-06/0.6885, allocations: 7.938 kB / 0.7859 GB, free: 14.63 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt constantLinearSystem (simulation): time 2.645e-06/0.6885, allocations: 4 kB / 0.786 GB, free: 14.63 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifysemiLinear (simulation): time 7.364e-06/0.6885, allocations: 3.984 kB / 0.786 GB, free: 14.62 MB / 0.6231 GB Warning: The model contains alias variables with redundant start and/or conflicting nominal values. It is recommended to resolve the conflicts, because otherwise the system could be hard to solve. To print the conflicting alias sets and the chosen candidates please use -d=aliasConflicts. Notification: Performance of postOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.002771/0.6913, allocations: 2.125 MB / 0.788 GB, free: 12.36 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (simulation): time 3.346e-06/0.6913, allocations: 0 / 0.788 GB, free: 12.36 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.0003608/0.6917, allocations: 79.92 kB / 0.7881 GB, free: 12.28 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (simulation): time 0.0004072/0.6921, allocations: 203.4 kB / 0.7883 GB, free: 12.08 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt inputDerivativesUsed (simulation): time 2.646e-05/0.6921, allocations: 15.98 kB / 0.7883 GB, free: 12.07 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (simulation): time 0.001081/0.6932, allocations: 1.47 MB / 0.7898 GB, free: 10.55 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStateSetsJacobians (simulation): time 4.248e-06/0.6933, allocations: 4.031 kB / 0.7898 GB, free: 10.54 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt symbolicJacobian (simulation): time 0.001177/0.6944, allocations: 0.8511 MB / 0.7906 GB, free: 9.648 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt removeConstants (simulation): time 0.0003322/0.6948, allocations: 239.6 kB / 0.7908 GB, free: 9.395 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyTimeIndepFuncCalls (simulation): time 9.807e-05/0.6949, allocations: 8 kB / 0.7908 GB, free: 9.387 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (simulation): time 0.0006353/0.6955, allocations: 63.92 kB / 0.7909 GB, free: 9.324 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt findZeroCrossings (simulation): time 8.347e-05/0.6956, allocations: 35.89 kB / 0.7909 GB, free: 9.289 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (simulation): time 2.342e-05/0.6956, allocations: 12 kB / 0.7909 GB, free: 9.277 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of sorting global known variables: time 0.0009904/0.6966, allocations: 0.8327 MB / 0.7917 GB, free: 8.438 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of sort global known variables: time 1.2e-07/0.6967, allocations: 0 / 0.7917 GB, free: 8.438 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of remove unused functions: time 0.001244/0.6979, allocations: 0.5031 MB / 0.7922 GB, free: 7.934 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for simulation: * Number of independent subsystems: 8 * Number of states: 0 () * Number of discrete variables: 3 ($whenCondition1,pulse_m_flow.T_start,pulse_m_flow.count) * Number of discrete states: 1 (pulse_m_flow.count) * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for simulation (25): * Single equations (assignments): 21 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 0 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 2 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (not torn): 1 * Torn equation systems: 1 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Equation system details (not torn): * Constant Jacobian (size): 0 systems * Linear Jacobian (size,density): 0 systems * Non-linear Jacobian (size): 1 system {1} * Without analytic Jacobian (size): 0 systems Notification: Torn system details for strict tearing set: * Linear torn systems (#iteration vars, #inner vars, density): 0 systems * Non-linear torn systems (#iteration vars, #inner vars): 1 system {(9,2)} Notification: Performance of Backend phase and start with SimCode phase: time 0.0003912/0.6983, allocations: 185 kB / 0.7924 GB, free: 7.754 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created initialization part: time 0.00264/0.701, allocations: 1.32 MB / 0.7937 GB, free: 6.398 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created event and clocks part: time 4.168e-06/0.701, allocations: 0 / 0.7937 GB, free: 6.398 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created simulation system equations: time 0.0007003/0.7017, allocations: 329.7 kB / 0.794 GB, free: 6.078 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created of all other equations (e.g. parameter, nominal, assert, etc): time 0.003464/0.7052, allocations: 0.6494 MB / 0.7946 GB, free: 5.441 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created linear, non-linear and system jacobian parts: time 0.002909/0.7081, allocations: 2.297 MB / 0.7969 GB, free: 3.102 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: some other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.0007278/0.7088, allocations: 1.216 MB / 0.7981 GB, free: 1.855 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: alias equations: time 0.001028/0.7099, allocations: 380.6 kB / 0.7984 GB, free: 1.48 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: all other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.0001371/0.71, allocations: 67.44 kB / 0.7985 GB, free: 1.414 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of SimCode: time 4.41e-07/0.71, allocations: 0 / 0.7985 GB, free: 1.414 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of Templates: time 0.3334/1.043, allocations: 21.18 MB / 0.8192 GB, free: 218.2 MB / 0.6387 GB make -j1 -f IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow.makefile (rm -f IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow.pipe ; mkfifo IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow.pipe ; head -c 1048576 < IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow.pipe >> ../files/IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow.sim & ./IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow -abortSlowSimulation -alarm=480 -lv LOG_STATS > IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelFlow.pipe 2>&1)