Running: ./testmodel.py --libraries=/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ --ompython_omhome=/usr OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1.conf.json loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/OpenIPSL 3.1.0-master/package.mo", uses=false) Using package OpenIPSL with version 3.1.0-dev (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/OpenIPSL 3.1.0-master/package.mo) Using package Complex with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Using package Modelica with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Using package ModelicaServices with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Running command: "" <> buildModelFMU(OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1,fileNamePrefix="OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL_Examples_Tutorial_Example_1_Example_1",fmuType="me",version="2.0",platforms={"static"}) "" <> buildModelFMU(OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1,fileNamePrefix="OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL_Examples_Tutorial_Example_1_Example_1",fmuType="me",version="2.0",platforms={"static"}) Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.0009294/0.0009296, allocations: 87.84 kB / 15.06 MB, free: 1.082 MB / 14.72 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 1.391/1.391, allocations: 223.3 MB / 239 MB, free: 5.621 MB / 190.1 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.0009968/0.000997, allocations: 180.6 kB / 290.3 MB, free: 2.316 MB / 238.1 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/OpenIPSL 3.1.0-master/package.mo): time 0.6429/0.6429, allocations: 79.49 MB / 420.8 MB, free: 3.934 MB / 286.1 MB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - loaded program: time 0.0003916/0.0003916, allocations: 8 kB / 0.4892 GB, free: 5.508 MB / 366.1 MB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - Absyn->SCode: time 0.4268/0.4272, allocations: 69.5 MB / 0.5571 GB, free: 37.7 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instantiate(OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1): time 0.005129/0.4323, allocations: 4.798 MB / 0.5618 GB, free: 37.4 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instExpressions: time 0.003405/0.4358, allocations: 1.682 MB / 0.5634 GB, free: 37.18 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFInst.updateImplicitVariability: time 0.000473/0.4363, allocations: 8.219 kB / 0.5634 GB, free: 37.18 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeComponents: time 0.0003786/0.4367, allocations: 123.2 kB / 0.5635 GB, free: 37.14 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeBindings: time 0.001372/0.4381, allocations: 0.5208 MB / 0.5641 GB, free: 36.99 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeClassSections: time 0.0008957/0.439, allocations: 389.5 kB / 0.5644 GB, free: 36.97 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.flatten: time 0.001236/0.4402, allocations: 1.071 MB / 0.5655 GB, free: 36.73 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.resolveConnections: time 0.0003414/0.4406, allocations: 197 kB / 0.5657 GB, free: 36.68 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFEvalConstants.evaluate: time 0.0004361/0.441, allocations: 398 kB / 0.566 GB, free: 36.59 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFSimplifyModel.simplify: time 0.000568/0.4416, allocations: 0.5141 MB / 0.5665 GB, free: 36.47 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFPackage.collectConstants: time 9.236e-05/0.4417, allocations: 48.53 kB / 0.5666 GB, free: 36.47 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.collectFunctions: time 0.0003794/0.4421, allocations: 174.1 kB / 0.5668 GB, free: 36.46 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFScalarize.scalarize: time 0.0001518/0.4422, allocations: 184.8 kB / 0.5669 GB, free: 36.41 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFVerifyModel.verify: time 0.0001373/0.4424, allocations: 178.7 kB / 0.5671 GB, free: 36.35 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFConvertDAE.convert: time 0.0008635/0.4432, allocations: 1.075 MB / 0.5681 GB, free: 36.2 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - DAE generated: time 5.17e-06/0.4433, allocations: 0 / 0.5681 GB, free: 36.2 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd: time 1.814e-06/0.4433, allocations: 0 / 0.5681 GB, free: 36.2 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of Transformations before backend: time 1.035e-05/0.4433, allocations: 0 / 0.5681 GB, free: 36.2 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Model statistics after passing the front-end and creating the data structures used by the back-end: * Number of equations: 132 * Number of variables: 132 Notification: Performance of Generate backend data structure: time 0.004615/0.4479, allocations: 1.718 MB / 0.5698 GB, free: 35.49 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of prepare preOptimizeDAE: time 4.733e-05/0.448, allocations: 9.844 kB / 0.5698 GB, free: 35.49 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt introduceOutputAliases (simulation): time 0.0001589/0.4481, allocations: 99.38 kB / 0.5699 GB, free: 35.45 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt normalInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.00307/0.4512, allocations: 0.5307 MB / 0.5704 GB, free: 35.38 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt evaluateParameters (simulation): time 0.001056/0.4523, allocations: 0.6528 MB / 0.5711 GB, free: 35.08 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt simplifyIfEquations (simulation): time 0.0001659/0.4524, allocations: 149.9 kB / 0.5712 GB, free: 34.98 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt expandDerOperator (simulation): time 0.0001114/0.4526, allocations: 66.25 kB / 0.5713 GB, free: 34.98 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt clockPartitioning (simulation): time 0.001461/0.454, allocations: 0.8279 MB / 0.5721 GB, free: 34.91 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt findStateOrder (simulation): time 1.715e-05/0.4541, allocations: 0 / 0.5721 GB, free: 34.91 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt replaceEdgeChange (simulation): time 8.985e-05/0.4542, allocations: 22.84 kB / 0.5721 GB, free: 34.91 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 1.276e-05/0.4542, allocations: 10.47 kB / 0.5721 GB, free: 34.91 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt removeEqualRHS (simulation): time 0.00143/0.4556, allocations: 0.7268 MB / 0.5728 GB, free: 34.83 MB / 430.1 MB Warning: The model contains alias variables with redundant start and/or conflicting nominal values. It is recommended to resolve the conflicts, because otherwise the system could be hard to solve. To print the conflicting alias sets and the chosen candidates please use -d=aliasConflicts. Notification: Performance of preOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.004837/0.4605, allocations: 2.942 MB / 0.5757 GB, free: 33.16 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt comSubExp (simulation): time 0.01178/0.4723, allocations: 3.915 MB / 0.5795 GB, free: 32.5 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt resolveLoops (simulation): time 0.001099/0.4734, allocations: 0.5212 MB / 0.58 GB, free: 32.3 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt evalFunc (simulation): time 8.828e-05/0.4735, allocations: 7.938 kB / 0.5801 GB, free: 32.3 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preOpt encapsulateWhenConditions (simulation): time 3.208e-05/0.4736, allocations: 49.75 kB / 0.5801 GB, free: 32.24 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of pre-optimization done (n=64): time 4.037e-06/0.4736, allocations: 0 / 0.5801 GB, free: 32.24 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=64): time 0.01082/0.4844, allocations: 3.907 MB / 0.5839 GB, free: 31.15 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of inlineWhenForInitialization (initialization): time 5.454e-05/0.4845, allocations: 83.86 kB / 0.584 GB, free: 31.06 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of selectInitializationVariablesDAE (initialization): time 0.001315/0.4858, allocations: 0.7777 MB / 0.5848 GB, free: 30.71 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of collectPreVariables (initialization): time 0.0001156/0.4859, allocations: 40.42 kB / 0.5848 GB, free: 30.66 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of collectInitialEqns (initialization): time 0.0002551/0.4862, allocations: 377.1 kB / 0.5852 GB, free: 30.37 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of collectInitialBindings (initialization): time 0.0002412/0.4864, allocations: 235.1 kB / 0.5854 GB, free: 30.18 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of simplifyInitialFunctions (initialization): time 6.657e-05/0.4865, allocations: 20.25 kB / 0.5854 GB, free: 30.17 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of setup shared object (initialization): time 8.905e-05/0.4866, allocations: 352.6 kB / 0.5857 GB, free: 29.84 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of preBalanceInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.001127/0.4877, allocations: 0.5818 MB / 0.5863 GB, free: 29.62 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of partitionIndependentBlocks (initialization): time 0.001397/0.4892, allocations: 0.6909 MB / 0.587 GB, free: 29.3 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of analyzeInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.001526/0.4907, allocations: 0.6408 MB / 0.5876 GB, free: 29.01 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of solveInitialSystemEqSystem (initialization): time 8.646e-06/0.4907, allocations: 5.344 kB / 0.5876 GB, free: 29.01 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=125) (initialization): time 0.009767/0.5005, allocations: 2.863 MB / 0.5904 GB, free: 28.18 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.0001693/0.5007, allocations: 151 kB / 0.5905 GB, free: 28.02 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 2.18e-05/0.5008, allocations: 4.375 kB / 0.5906 GB, free: 28.02 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 0.005125/0.5059, allocations: 1.256 MB / 0.5918 GB, free: 27.79 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 0.001108/0.507, allocations: 175.5 kB / 0.5919 GB, free: 27.77 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 0.01204/0.5191, allocations: 5.378 MB / 0.5972 GB, free: 25.01 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.001603/0.5207, allocations: 152.2 kB / 0.5973 GB, free: 24.94 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 0.0002487/0.521, allocations: 34.16 kB / 0.5974 GB, free: 24.93 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 1.26e-05/0.521, allocations: 2.875 kB / 0.5974 GB, free: 24.93 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt replaceHomotopyWithSimplified (initialization): time 0.008816/0.5299, allocations: 2.729 MB / 0.6 GB, free: 24.18 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 2.82e-05/0.53, allocations: 2.938 kB / 0.6 GB, free: 24.18 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 0.005133/0.5351, allocations: 1.27 MB / 0.6013 GB, free: 23.94 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 0.001256/0.5364, allocations: 164.7 kB / 0.6014 GB, free: 23.93 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 0.01238/0.5488, allocations: 5.378 MB / 0.6067 GB, free: 21.16 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.001459/0.5503, allocations: 126.1 kB / 0.6068 GB, free: 21.11 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 0.000214/0.5505, allocations: 35.11 kB / 0.6068 GB, free: 21.11 MB / 430.1 MB Warning: Assuming fixed start value for the following 2 variables: G1.machine.w:VARIABLE(flow=false start = 1.0 fixed = true ) "Rotor speed [pu]" type: Real G1.avr.vref:VARIABLE(unit = "1" fixed = true protected = true ) type: Real Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for initialization: * Number of independent subsystems: 8 * Number of states: 0 () * Number of discrete variables: 0 () * Number of discrete states: 0 () * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for initialization (103): * Single equations (assignments): 100 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 0 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 0 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (linear and non-linear blocks): 2 * Torn equation systems: 1 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Equation system details: * Constant Jacobian: 0 * Linear Jacobian (size,density): 2 {(2,100.0%),(2,100.0%)} * Non-linear Jacobian: 0 * Without analytic Jacobian: 0 Notification: Torn system details for strict tearing set: * Linear torn systems: 0 * Non-linear torn systems: 1 {8 13} Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.0007057/0.5512, allocations: 303.5 kB / 0.6071 GB, free: 20.84 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt lateInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0003469/0.5516, allocations: 84.61 kB / 0.6072 GB, free: 20.8 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt wrapFunctionCalls (simulation): time 0.006908/0.5585, allocations: 2.392 MB / 0.6096 GB, free: 20.14 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 1.329e-05/0.5586, allocations: 6.406 kB / 0.6096 GB, free: 20.14 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt constantLinearSystem (simulation): time 1.981e-05/0.5586, allocations: 4.672 kB / 0.6096 GB, free: 20.14 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifysemiLinear (simulation): time 1.966e-05/0.5586, allocations: 4.531 kB / 0.6096 GB, free: 20.14 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.009/0.5676, allocations: 3.684 MB / 0.6132 GB, free: 18.37 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (simulation): time 7.264e-06/0.5677, allocations: 0.5625 kB / 0.6132 GB, free: 18.37 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.0005359/0.5682, allocations: 83.05 kB / 0.6132 GB, free: 18.3 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (simulation): time 0.00319/0.5714, allocations: 1.083 MB / 0.6143 GB, free: 17.45 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt inputDerivativesUsed (simulation): time 9.444e-05/0.5715, allocations: 17.41 kB / 0.6143 GB, free: 17.44 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (simulation): time 0.007318/0.5789, allocations: 4.134 MB / 0.6184 GB, free: 13.53 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStateSetsJacobians (simulation): time 4.027e-06/0.5789, allocations: 4.641 kB / 0.6184 GB, free: 13.53 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt symbolicJacobian (simulation): time 0.006576/0.5855, allocations: 3.06 MB / 0.6214 GB, free: 10.44 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt removeConstants (simulation): time 0.0004107/0.5859, allocations: 187.8 kB / 0.6215 GB, free: 10.23 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyTimeIndepFuncCalls (simulation): time 0.0002482/0.5862, allocations: 12 kB / 0.6215 GB, free: 10.22 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (simulation): time 0.0008587/0.5871, allocations: 81.12 kB / 0.6216 GB, free: 10.14 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt findZeroCrossings (simulation): time 0.0003658/0.5874, allocations: 133 kB / 0.6217 GB, free: 10.02 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (simulation): time 5.438e-05/0.5875, allocations: 16 kB / 0.6218 GB, free: 10 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of sorting global known variables: time 0.0007386/0.5883, allocations: 0.5225 MB / 0.6223 GB, free: 9.484 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of sort global known variables: time 3.3e-07/0.5883, allocations: 0 / 0.6223 GB, free: 9.484 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of remove unused functions: time 0.002251/0.5905, allocations: 0.5267 MB / 0.6228 GB, free: 8.957 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for simulation: * Number of independent subsystems: 3 * Number of states: 9 (G1.avr.vm,G1.avr.vr,G1.avr.vf1,G1.machine.delta,G1.machine.w,G1.machine.e1q,G1.machine.e1d,G1.machine.e2q,G1.machine.e2d) * Number of discrete variables: 0 () * Number of discrete states: 0 () * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for simulation (47): * Single equations (assignments): 44 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 0 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 0 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (linear and non-linear blocks): 2 * Torn equation systems: 1 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Equation system details: * Constant Jacobian: 0 * Linear Jacobian (size,density): 2 {(2,100.0%),(2,100.0%)} * Non-linear Jacobian: 0 * Without analytic Jacobian: 0 Notification: Torn system details for strict tearing set: * Linear torn systems: 1 {(9,48.1%) 9} * Non-linear torn systems: 0 Notification: Performance of Backend phase and start with SimCode phase: time 0.007018/0.5975, allocations: 3.644 MB / 0.6263 GB, free: 5.27 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of simCode: created initialization part: time 0.007621/0.6052, allocations: 3.557 MB / 0.6298 GB, free: 1.613 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of simCode: created event and clocks part: time 5.821e-06/0.6052, allocations: 448 / 0.6298 GB, free: 1.613 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of simCode: created simulation system equations: time 0.002528/0.6078, allocations: 1.266 MB / 0.6311 GB, free: 300 kB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of simCode: created of all other equations (e.g. parameter, nominal, assert, etc): time 0.001016/0.6088, allocations: 67.86 kB / 0.6311 GB, free: 232 kB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of simCode: created linear, non-linear and system jacobian parts: time 0.01774/0.6266, allocations: 7.865 MB / 0.6388 GB, free: 8.184 MB / 446.1 MB Notification: Performance of simCode: some other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.0006291/0.6272, allocations: 0.9718 MB / 0.6397 GB, free: 7.18 MB / 446.1 MB Notification: Performance of simCode: alias equations: time 0.0005895/0.6278, allocations: 93.17 kB / 0.6398 GB, free: 7.09 MB / 446.1 MB Notification: Performance of simCode: all other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.0005417/0.6284, allocations: 311.3 kB / 0.6401 GB, free: 6.785 MB / 446.1 MB Notification: Performance of SimCode: time 1.914e-06/0.6284, allocations: 0 / 0.6401 GB, free: 6.785 MB / 446.1 MB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: Generate the FMI files: time 0.05333/0.6818, allocations: 26.93 MB / 0.6664 GB, free: 12.24 MB / 478.1 MB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: configured platform static using cached values: time 0.0001727/0.682, allocations: 215.4 kB / 0.6666 GB, free: 12 MB / 478.1 MB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: Generate platform static: time 2.389/3.071, allocations: 3.938 kB / 0.6666 GB, free: 11.99 MB / 478.1 MB (rm -f OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1.pipe ; mkfifo OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1.pipe ; head -c 1048576 < OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1.pipe >> ../files/OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1.sim & /home/hudson/saved_omc/OMSimulator/install/linux/bin/OMSimulator --tempDir=temp_OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL_Examples_Tutorial_Example_1_Example_1_fmu --startTime=0 --stopTime=10 --timeout=50 --tolerance=1e-06 OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL_Examples_Tutorial_Example_1_Example_1.fmu > OpenIPSL_dev_OpenIPSL.Examples.Tutorial.Example_1.Example_1.pipe 2>&1) Environment - environmentSimulation: