Running: ./testmodel.py --libraries=/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ --ompython_omhome=/usr Buildings_8.0.0_Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime.conf.json loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Buildings 8.0.0/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) Using package ModelicaServices with version 3.2.3 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo) Using package Modelica with version 3.2.3 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo) Using package Complex with version 3.2.3 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo) Using package Buildings with version 8.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Buildings 8.0.0/package.mo) Running command: "" <> buildModelFMU(Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime,fileNamePrefix="Buildings_8_0_0_Buildings_Controls_OBC_CDL_Logical_Sources_Validation_PulseNegativeStartTime",fmuType="me",version="2.0",platforms={"static"}) "" <> buildModelFMU(Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime,fileNamePrefix="Buildings_8_0_0_Buildings_Controls_OBC_CDL_Logical_Sources_Validation_PulseNegativeStartTime",fmuType="me",version="2.0",platforms={"static"}) Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Buildings 8.0.0/package.mo): time 2.883/2.883, allocations: 287.5 MB / 302.4 MB, free: 8.25 MB / 234.7 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.001329/0.001328, allocations: 185.2 kB / 371 MB, free: 10.85 MB / 298.7 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo): time 2.208/2.208, allocations: 205.4 MB / 0.6297 GB, free: 10.61 MB / 458.7 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 3.2.3+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.0009343/0.0009342, allocations: 87.67 kB / 0.743 GB, free: 6.609 MB / 0.5573 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - loaded program: time 0.0005178/0.000518, allocations: 11.94 kB / 0.8659 GB, free: 140.5 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - Absyn->SCode: time 0.2218/0.2223, allocations: 115.3 MB / 0.9785 GB, free: 28.23 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instantiate(Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime): time 0.001329/0.2237, allocations: 0.8373 MB / 0.9793 GB, free: 27.39 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instExpressions: time 0.003142/0.2269, allocations: 2.155 MB / 0.9814 GB, free: 25.21 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.updateImplicitVariability: time 0.0001449/0.2271, allocations: 0 / 0.9814 GB, free: 25.21 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeComponents: time 3.937e-05/0.2272, allocations: 7.875 kB / 0.9814 GB, free: 25.21 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeBindings: time 0.0002342/0.2274, allocations: 75.39 kB / 0.9815 GB, free: 25.13 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeClassSections: time 0.004542/0.232, allocations: 1.273 MB / 0.9827 GB, free: 23.9 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.flatten: time 0.001303/0.2333, allocations: 0.9317 MB / 0.9836 GB, free: 22.97 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.resolveConnections: time 9.268e-05/0.2334, allocations: 24.69 kB / 0.9837 GB, free: 22.95 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFEvalConstants.evaluate: time 0.0006238/0.234, allocations: 427.2 kB / 0.9841 GB, free: 22.53 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFSimplifyModel.simplify: time 0.0004341/0.2345, allocations: 327.1 kB / 0.9844 GB, free: 22.21 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFPackage.collectConstants: time 0.0002667/0.2348, allocations: 56 kB / 0.9844 GB, free: 22.16 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.collectFunctions: time 0.0003366/0.2351, allocations: 71.98 kB / 0.9845 GB, free: 22.09 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFScalarize.scalarize: time 5.525e-05/0.2352, allocations: 47.83 kB / 0.9846 GB, free: 22.04 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFVerifyModel.verify: time 0.0002251/0.2354, allocations: 125.6 kB / 0.9847 GB, free: 21.91 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of NFConvertDAE.convert: time 0.0007354/0.2362, allocations: 0.6742 MB / 0.9853 GB, free: 21.23 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - DAE generated: time 6.742e-06/0.2362, allocations: 0 / 0.9853 GB, free: 21.23 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd: time 1.904e-06/0.2362, allocations: 0 / 0.9853 GB, free: 21.23 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of Transformations before backend: time 6.944e-06/0.2362, allocations: 0 / 0.9853 GB, free: 21.23 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the front-end and creating the data structures used by the back-end: * Number of equations: 15 * Number of variables: 15 Notification: Performance of Generate backend data structure: time 0.00111/0.2373, allocations: 1 MB / 0.9863 GB, free: 20.1 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of prepare preOptimizeDAE: time 4.544e-05/0.2374, allocations: 11.97 kB / 0.9863 GB, free: 20.09 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt introduceOutputAliases (simulation): time 5.383e-05/0.2375, allocations: 42.55 kB / 0.9864 GB, free: 20.04 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt normalInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0002599/0.2377, allocations: 71.56 kB / 0.9864 GB, free: 19.96 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt evaluateParameters (simulation): time 0.0001486/0.2379, allocations: 211.3 kB / 0.9866 GB, free: 19.71 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt simplifyIfEquations (simulation): time 5.709e-05/0.2379, allocations: 35.98 kB / 0.9867 GB, free: 19.68 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt expandDerOperator (simulation): time 0.0002356/0.2382, allocations: 64 kB / 0.9867 GB, free: 19.62 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt clockPartitioning (simulation): time 0.0003268/0.2385, allocations: 216.3 kB / 0.9869 GB, free: 19.36 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt findStateOrder (simulation): time 1.232e-05/0.2386, allocations: 4 kB / 0.9869 GB, free: 19.35 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt replaceEdgeChange (simulation): time 2.753e-05/0.2386, allocations: 3.984 kB / 0.9869 GB, free: 19.35 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 8.005e-06/0.2386, allocations: 4 kB / 0.9869 GB, free: 19.34 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt removeEqualRHS (simulation): time 0.0001606/0.2388, allocations: 71.78 kB / 0.987 GB, free: 19.27 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.001056/0.2398, allocations: 0.8522 MB / 0.9878 GB, free: 18.33 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt comSubExp (simulation): time 0.0003021/0.2402, allocations: 319.3 kB / 0.9881 GB, free: 17.88 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt resolveLoops (simulation): time 0.0001925/0.2404, allocations: 144.8 kB / 0.9883 GB, free: 17.69 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt evalFunc (simulation): time 1.886e-05/0.2404, allocations: 11.94 kB / 0.9883 GB, free: 17.68 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt encapsulateWhenConditions (simulation): time 0.0007398/0.2412, allocations: 459.1 kB / 0.9887 GB, free: 17.16 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of pre-optimization done (n=45): time 3.517e-06/0.2412, allocations: 0 / 0.9887 GB, free: 17.16 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=45): time 0.001625/0.2428, allocations: 0.5538 MB / 0.9893 GB, free: 16.6 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of inlineWhenForInitialization (initialization): time 0.0001367/0.243, allocations: 447.1 kB / 0.9897 GB, free: 16.07 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of selectInitializationVariablesDAE (initialization): time 0.0003218/0.2433, allocations: 292.3 kB / 0.99 GB, free: 15.77 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of collectPreVariables (initialization): time 0.0002529/0.2436, allocations: 69.69 kB / 0.99 GB, free: 15.7 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of collectInitialEqns (initialization): time 0.000228/0.2438, allocations: 165.2 kB / 0.9902 GB, free: 15.53 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of collectInitialBindings (initialization): time 9.946e-05/0.2439, allocations: 86.95 kB / 0.9903 GB, free: 15.45 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of simplifyInitialFunctions (initialization): time 0.0001793/0.2441, allocations: 32 kB / 0.9903 GB, free: 15.41 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of setup shared object (initialization): time 0.0001008/0.2442, allocations: 358.7 kB / 0.9907 GB, free: 15.05 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of preBalanceInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.001437/0.2457, allocations: 417.3 kB / 0.9911 GB, free: 14.65 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of partitionIndependentBlocks (initialization): time 0.001533/0.2472, allocations: 0.7028 MB / 0.9917 GB, free: 13.81 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of analyzeInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.001469/0.2487, allocations: 0.8219 MB / 0.9925 GB, free: 12.9 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of solveInitialSystemEqSystem (initialization): time 1.068e-05/0.2487, allocations: 4 kB / 0.9926 GB, free: 12.89 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=90) (initialization): time 0.004323/0.2531, allocations: 1.717 MB / 0.9942 GB, free: 11.08 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.0002507/0.2534, allocations: 477.4 kB / 0.9947 GB, free: 10.52 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 2.022e-05/0.2534, allocations: 12 kB / 0.9947 GB, free: 10.51 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 3.177e-05/0.2535, allocations: 16 kB / 0.9947 GB, free: 10.49 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 8.681e-05/0.2535, allocations: 31.86 kB / 0.9947 GB, free: 10.46 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 2.452e-05/0.2536, allocations: 23.86 kB / 0.9948 GB, free: 10.44 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.004655/0.2582, allocations: 0.5627 MB / 0.9953 GB, free: 9.879 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 0.0004745/0.2588, allocations: 99.92 kB / 0.9954 GB, free: 9.781 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for initialization: * Number of independent subsystems: 45 * Number of states: 0 () * Number of discrete variables: 60 ($PRE.booPul_c5.y,booPul_c5.y,$whenCondition29,$whenCondition30,$PRE.booPul_b5.y,booPul_b5.y,$whenCondition27,$whenCondition28,$PRE.booPul_a5.y,booPul_a5.y,$whenCondition25,$whenCondition26,$PRE.booPul_c4.y,booPul_c4.y,$whenCondition23,$whenCondition24,$PRE.booPul_b4.y,booPul_b4.y,$whenCondition21,$whenCondition22,$PRE.booPul_a4.y,booPul_a4.y,$whenCondition19,$whenCondition20,$PRE.booPul_c3.y,booPul_c3.y,$whenCondition17,$whenCondition18,$PRE.booPul_b3.y,booPul_b3.y,$whenCondition15,$whenCondition16,$PRE.booPul_a3.y,booPul_a3.y,$whenCondition13,$whenCondition14,$PRE.booPul_c2.y,booPul_c2.y,$whenCondition11,$whenCondition12,$PRE.booPul_b2.y,booPul_b2.y,$whenCondition9,$whenCondition10,$PRE.booPul_a2.y,booPul_a2.y,$whenCondition7,$whenCondition8,$PRE.booPul_c1.y,booPul_c1.y,$whenCondition5,$whenCondition6,$PRE.booPul_b1.y,booPul_b1.y,$whenCondition3,$whenCondition4,$PRE.booPul_a1.y,booPul_a1.y,$whenCondition1,$whenCondition2) * Number of discrete states: 0 () * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for initialization (60): * Single equations (assignments): 45 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 15 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 0 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (linear and non-linear blocks): 0 * Torn equation systems: 0 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.0004893/0.2593, allocations: 221.5 kB / 0.9956 GB, free: 9.555 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt lateInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0001223/0.2594, allocations: 43.53 kB / 0.9957 GB, free: 9.512 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt wrapFunctionCalls (simulation): time 0.0001094/0.2595, allocations: 38.14 kB / 0.9957 GB, free: 9.465 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 1.087e-05/0.2596, allocations: 8 kB / 0.9957 GB, free: 9.457 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt constantLinearSystem (simulation): time 1.492e-05/0.2596, allocations: 7.938 kB / 0.9957 GB, free: 9.449 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifysemiLinear (simulation): time 1.153e-05/0.2596, allocations: 7.984 kB / 0.9957 GB, free: 9.441 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.0004621/0.2601, allocations: 341.2 kB / 0.996 GB, free: 9.059 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (simulation): time 7.844e-06/0.2601, allocations: 4 kB / 0.996 GB, free: 9.055 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (simulation): time 6.45e-05/0.2602, allocations: 23.92 kB / 0.9961 GB, free: 9.031 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (simulation): time 1.346e-05/0.2602, allocations: 8 kB / 0.9961 GB, free: 9.023 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt inputDerivativesUsed (simulation): time 3.646e-05/0.2602, allocations: 15.98 kB / 0.9961 GB, free: 9.008 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (simulation): time 1.097e-05/0.2603, allocations: 11.94 kB / 0.9961 GB, free: 8.996 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStateSetsJacobians (simulation): time 5.38e-06/0.2603, allocations: 4 kB / 0.9961 GB, free: 8.992 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt symbolicJacobian (simulation): time 0.0009203/0.2612, allocations: 0.5198 MB / 0.9966 GB, free: 8.414 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt removeConstants (simulation): time 7.864e-05/0.2613, allocations: 108.7 kB / 0.9967 GB, free: 8.289 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyTimeIndepFuncCalls (simulation): time 7.395e-05/0.2614, allocations: 15.98 kB / 0.9967 GB, free: 8.273 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (simulation): time 0.0002041/0.2616, allocations: 15.98 kB / 0.9968 GB, free: 8.258 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt findZeroCrossings (simulation): time 0.0001225/0.2617, allocations: 67.77 kB / 0.9968 GB, free: 8.191 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (simulation): time 4.661e-05/0.2618, allocations: 27.98 kB / 0.9968 GB, free: 8.164 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of sorting global known variables: time 0.0002112/0.262, allocations: 187.1 kB / 0.997 GB, free: 7.98 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of sort global known variables: time 3.41e-07/0.262, allocations: 0 / 0.997 GB, free: 7.98 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of remove unused functions: time 0.001324/0.2634, allocations: 196 kB / 0.9972 GB, free: 7.789 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for simulation: * Number of independent subsystems: 15 * Number of states: 0 () * Number of discrete variables: 45 ($whenCondition29,$whenCondition30,booPul_c5.y,$whenCondition27,$whenCondition28,booPul_b5.y,$whenCondition25,$whenCondition26,booPul_a5.y,$whenCondition23,$whenCondition24,booPul_c4.y,$whenCondition21,$whenCondition22,booPul_b4.y,$whenCondition19,$whenCondition20,booPul_a4.y,$whenCondition17,$whenCondition18,booPul_c3.y,$whenCondition15,$whenCondition16,booPul_b3.y,$whenCondition13,$whenCondition14,booPul_a3.y,$whenCondition11,$whenCondition12,booPul_c2.y,$whenCondition9,$whenCondition10,booPul_b2.y,$whenCondition7,$whenCondition8,booPul_a2.y,$whenCondition5,$whenCondition6,booPul_c1.y,$whenCondition3,$whenCondition4,booPul_b1.y,$whenCondition1,$whenCondition2,booPul_a1.y) * Number of discrete states: 0 () * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for simulation (45): * Single equations (assignments): 30 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 0 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 15 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (linear and non-linear blocks): 0 * Torn equation systems: 0 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Performance of Backend phase and start with SimCode phase: time 0.001293/0.2647, allocations: 1.089 MB / 0.9983 GB, free: 6.629 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created initialization part: time 0.003062/0.2678, allocations: 1.75 MB / 1 GB, free: 4.695 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created event and clocks part: time 9.067e-06/0.2678, allocations: 0 / 1 GB, free: 4.695 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created simulation system equations: time 0.0004753/0.2683, allocations: 177 kB / 1 GB, free: 4.523 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created of all other equations (e.g. parameter, nominal, assert, etc): time 0.001212/0.2696, allocations: 130.4 kB / 1 GB, free: 4.395 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created linear, non-linear and system jacobian parts: time 0.00873/0.2783, allocations: 3.517 MB / 1.004 GB, free: 0.6562 MB / 0.6198 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: some other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.000327/0.2787, allocations: 0.78 MB / 1.004 GB, free: 15.85 MB / 0.6355 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: alias equations: time 0.00028/0.279, allocations: 46.97 kB / 1.005 GB, free: 15.8 MB / 0.6355 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: all other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.0002118/0.2792, allocations: 103.4 kB / 1.005 GB, free: 15.7 MB / 0.6355 GB Notification: Performance of SimCode: time 1.132e-06/0.2792, allocations: 0 / 1.005 GB, free: 15.7 MB / 0.6355 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: Generate the FMI files: time 0.05437/0.3336, allocations: 13.81 MB / 1.018 GB, free: 2.191 MB / 0.6355 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: configured platform static using cached values: time 0.0003406/0.334, allocations: 222.9 kB / 1.018 GB, free: 1.945 MB / 0.6355 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: Generate platform static: time 3.298/3.633, allocations: 0 / 1.018 GB, free: 1.945 MB / 0.6355 GB (rm -f Buildings_8.0.0_Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime.pipe ; mkfifo Buildings_8.0.0_Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime.pipe ; head -c 1048576 < Buildings_8.0.0_Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime.pipe >> ../files/Buildings_8.0.0_Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime.sim & /home/hudson/saved_omc/OMSimulator/install/linux/bin/OMSimulator --tempDir=temp_Buildings_8_0_0_Buildings_Controls_OBC_CDL_Logical_Sources_Validation_PulseNegativeStartTime_fmu --startTime=-10 --stopTime=1 --timeout=50 --tolerance=1e-06 Buildings_8_0_0_Buildings_Controls_OBC_CDL_Logical_Sources_Validation_PulseNegativeStartTime.fmu > Buildings_8.0.0_Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Logical.Sources.Validation.PulseNegativeStartTime.pipe 2>&1)