Running: ./testmodel.py --libraries=/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ --ompython_omhome=/usr IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp.conf.json loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo", uses=false) loadFile("/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/IDEAS 3.0.0/package.mo", uses=false) Using package IDEAS with version 3.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/IDEAS 3.0.0/package.mo) Using package Modelica with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Using package Complex with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Using package ModelicaServices with version 4.0.0 (/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo) Running command: "" <> buildModelFMU(IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp,fileNamePrefix="IDEAS_IDEAS_Fluid_Examples_Performance_PressureDrop_SeriesParallelDp",fmuType="me",version="2.0",platforms={"static"}) "" <> buildModelFMU(IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp,fileNamePrefix="IDEAS_IDEAS_Fluid_Examples_Performance_PressureDrop_SeriesParallelDp",fmuType="me",version="2.0",platforms={"static"}) Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/ModelicaServices 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.000903/0.0009031, allocations: 91.22 kB / 15.06 MB, free: 1.098 MB / 14.72 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Complex 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 0.001066/0.001066, allocations: 172.7 kB / 15.95 MB, free: 208 kB / 14.72 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/Modelica 4.0.0+maint.om/package.mo): time 1.331/1.331, allocations: 223.2 MB / 240 MB, free: 5.461 MB / 190.1 MB Notification: Performance of loadFile(/home/hudson/saved_omc/libraries/.openmodelica/libraries/IDEAS 3.0.0/package.mo): time 0.7001/0.7001, allocations: 132.3 MB / 423.4 MB, free: 2.113 MB / 350.1 MB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - loaded program: time 0.0003143/0.0003144, allocations: 8 kB / 0.5035 GB, free: 4.168 MB / 366.1 MB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - Absyn->SCode: time 0.3886/0.389, allocations: 81.57 MB / 0.5832 GB, free: 4.008 MB / 430.1 MB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instantiate(IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp): time 0.1634/0.5524, allocations: 152.4 MB / 0.732 GB, free: 7.809 MB / 0.5606 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.instExpressions: time 0.004615/0.5571, allocations: 3.807 MB / 0.7357 GB, free: 3.996 MB / 0.5606 GB Notification: Performance of NFInst.updateImplicitVariability: time 0.000342/0.5574, allocations: 11.94 kB / 0.7357 GB, free: 3.984 MB / 0.5606 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeComponents: time 0.0005533/0.558, allocations: 154.9 kB / 0.7359 GB, free: 3.832 MB / 0.5606 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeBindings: time 0.001255/0.5593, allocations: 0.5015 MB / 0.7363 GB, free: 3.328 MB / 0.5606 GB Notification: Performance of NFTyping.typeClassSections: time 0.00114/0.5604, allocations: 407.1 kB / 0.7367 GB, free: 2.938 MB / 0.5606 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.flatten: time 0.003338/0.5638, allocations: 3.271 MB / 0.7399 GB, free: 15.66 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.resolveConnections: time 0.002855/0.5666, allocations: 2.305 MB / 0.7422 GB, free: 13.34 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFEvalConstants.evaluate: time 0.001938/0.5686, allocations: 1.062 MB / 0.7432 GB, free: 12.27 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFSimplifyModel.simplify: time 0.001131/0.5697, allocations: 0.8404 MB / 0.744 GB, free: 11.43 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFPackage.collectConstants: time 9.813e-05/0.5698, allocations: 48 kB / 0.7441 GB, free: 11.38 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFFlatten.collectFunctions: time 0.001208/0.5711, allocations: 0.5925 MB / 0.7447 GB, free: 10.79 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFScalarize.scalarize: time 0.0003949/0.5715, allocations: 338.8 kB / 0.745 GB, free: 10.45 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFVerifyModel.verify: time 0.0002684/0.5717, allocations: 253 kB / 0.7452 GB, free: 10.2 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of NFConvertDAE.convert: time 0.001151/0.5729, allocations: 1.177 MB / 0.7464 GB, free: 9.02 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd - DAE generated: time 5.149e-06/0.5729, allocations: 4 kB / 0.7464 GB, free: 9.016 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of FrontEnd: time 2.846e-06/0.5729, allocations: 0 / 0.7464 GB, free: 9.016 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of Transformations before backend: time 1.236e-05/0.5729, allocations: 3.938 kB / 0.7464 GB, free: 9.012 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the front-end and creating the data structures used by the back-end: * Number of equations: 135 * Number of variables: 135 Notification: Performance of Generate backend data structure: time 0.0024/0.5754, allocations: 1.516 MB / 0.7479 GB, free: 7.438 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of prepare preOptimizeDAE: time 4.672e-05/0.5754, allocations: 8.031 kB / 0.7479 GB, free: 7.43 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt introduceOutputAliases (simulation): time 0.0001731/0.5756, allocations: 110.5 kB / 0.748 GB, free: 7.312 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt normalInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0007466/0.5763, allocations: 202.3 kB / 0.7482 GB, free: 7.113 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt evaluateParameters (simulation): time 0.001548/0.5779, allocations: 0.8602 MB / 0.749 GB, free: 6.195 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt simplifyIfEquations (simulation): time 0.0001167/0.578, allocations: 49.31 kB / 0.7491 GB, free: 6.148 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt expandDerOperator (simulation): time 0.0001035/0.5781, allocations: 64 kB / 0.7491 GB, free: 6.086 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt clockPartitioning (simulation): time 0.001504/0.5796, allocations: 0.987 MB / 0.7501 GB, free: 5.027 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt findStateOrder (simulation): time 1.715e-05/0.5797, allocations: 4 kB / 0.7501 GB, free: 5.023 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt replaceEdgeChange (simulation): time 6.253e-05/0.5797, allocations: 24 kB / 0.7501 GB, free: 5 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 1.557e-05/0.5798, allocations: 19.95 kB / 0.7501 GB, free: 4.98 MB / 0.5762 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt removeEqualRHS (simulation): time 0.00135/0.5811, allocations: 0.8077 MB / 0.7509 GB, free: 4.172 MB / 0.5762 GB Warning: The model contains alias variables with redundant start and/or conflicting nominal values. It is recommended to resolve the conflicts, because otherwise the system could be hard to solve. To print the conflicting alias sets and the chosen candidates please use -d=aliasConflicts. Notification: Performance of preOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.005012/0.5861, allocations: 4.808 MB / 0.7556 GB, free: 15.02 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt comSubExp (simulation): time 0.003147/0.5893, allocations: 4.02 MB / 0.7595 GB, free: 10.16 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt resolveLoops (simulation): time 0.0005015/0.5898, allocations: 354 kB / 0.7599 GB, free: 9.816 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt evalFunc (simulation): time 0.0003044/0.5901, allocations: 194.5 kB / 0.7601 GB, free: 9.59 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt encapsulateWhenConditions (simulation): time 0.0005757/0.5907, allocations: 333 kB / 0.7604 GB, free: 9.246 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preOpt simplifyInStream (simulation): time 0.0002825/0.591, allocations: 31.69 kB / 0.7604 GB, free: 9.215 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of pre-optimization done (n=35): time 3.196e-06/0.591, allocations: 0 / 0.7604 GB, free: 9.215 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=35): time 0.004872/0.5959, allocations: 1.68 MB / 0.762 GB, free: 7.504 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of inlineWhenForInitialization (initialization): time 7.295e-05/0.596, allocations: 89.09 kB / 0.7621 GB, free: 7.398 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of selectInitializationVariablesDAE (initialization): time 0.001922/0.5979, allocations: 1.181 MB / 0.7633 GB, free: 6.203 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of collectPreVariables (initialization): time 7.408e-05/0.598, allocations: 37.7 kB / 0.7633 GB, free: 6.16 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of collectInitialEqns (initialization): time 0.0005081/0.5985, allocations: 0.5198 MB / 0.7638 GB, free: 5.637 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of collectInitialBindings (initialization): time 0.000136/0.5987, allocations: 126.2 kB / 0.764 GB, free: 5.512 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of simplifyInitialFunctions (initialization): time 2.685e-05/0.5987, allocations: 12 kB / 0.764 GB, free: 5.5 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of setup shared object (initialization): time 0.0001507/0.5989, allocations: 322 kB / 0.7643 GB, free: 5.18 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of preBalanceInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.0003868/0.5993, allocations: 205 kB / 0.7645 GB, free: 4.98 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of partitionIndependentBlocks (initialization): time 0.000593/0.5999, allocations: 0.541 MB / 0.765 GB, free: 4.301 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of analyzeInitialSystem (initialization): time 0.0005298/0.6004, allocations: 315 kB / 0.7653 GB, free: 3.988 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of solveInitialSystemEqSystem (initialization): time 5.41e-06/0.6004, allocations: 4 kB / 0.7653 GB, free: 3.984 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of matching and sorting (n=58) (initialization): time 0.00239/0.6028, allocations: 1.081 MB / 0.7664 GB, free: 2.887 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.0002853/0.6031, allocations: 285.2 kB / 0.7666 GB, free: 2.527 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 1.297e-05/0.6031, allocations: 4 kB / 0.7666 GB, free: 2.523 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 0.001419/0.6046, allocations: 447.8 kB / 0.7671 GB, free: 2.086 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 0.0002832/0.6049, allocations: 71.89 kB / 0.7671 GB, free: 2.016 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 0.001573/0.6064, allocations: 1.126 MB / 0.7682 GB, free: 0.8633 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.0009769/0.6074, allocations: 99.8 kB / 0.7683 GB, free: 0.7656 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 5.119e-05/0.6075, allocations: 24 kB / 0.7683 GB, free: 0.7422 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 9.488e-06/0.6075, allocations: 7.938 kB / 0.7684 GB, free: 0.7344 MB / 0.5919 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt replaceHomotopyWithSimplified (initialization): time 0.001612/0.6091, allocations: 0.8184 MB / 0.7691 GB, free: 15.91 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (initialization): time 8.847e-06/0.6092, allocations: 8 kB / 0.7692 GB, free: 15.9 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (initialization): time 0.0005406/0.6097, allocations: 241 kB / 0.7694 GB, free: 15.66 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (initialization): time 0.0002879/0.61, allocations: 83.81 kB / 0.7695 GB, free: 15.58 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (initialization): time 0.004142/0.6142, allocations: 3.141 MB / 0.7725 GB, free: 12.3 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (initialization): time 0.0009395/0.6151, allocations: 95.8 kB / 0.7726 GB, free: 12.21 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (initialization): time 4.353e-05/0.6152, allocations: 24 kB / 0.7726 GB, free: 12.19 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for initialization: * Number of independent subsystems: 24 * Number of states: 0 () * Number of discrete variables: 5 ($whenCondition1,$PRE.pulse_m_flow.T_start,pulse_m_flow.T_start,$PRE.pulse_m_flow.count,pulse_m_flow.count) * Number of discrete states: 0 () * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for initialization (35): * Single equations (assignments): 33 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 1 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 0 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (linear and non-linear blocks): 0 * Torn equation systems: 1 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Torn system details for strict tearing set: * Linear torn systems: 0 * Non-linear torn systems: 1 {11 12} Notification: Performance of prepare postOptimizeDAE: time 0.000594/0.6158, allocations: 488.5 kB / 0.7731 GB, free: 11.7 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt lateInlineFunction (simulation): time 0.0001406/0.6159, allocations: 110.6 kB / 0.7732 GB, free: 11.59 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt wrapFunctionCalls (simulation): time 0.001627/0.6176, allocations: 0.8126 MB / 0.774 GB, free: 10.77 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt inlineArrayEqn (simulation): time 5.751e-06/0.6176, allocations: 4 kB / 0.774 GB, free: 10.77 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt constantLinearSystem (simulation): time 2.755e-06/0.6176, allocations: 0 / 0.774 GB, free: 10.77 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifysemiLinear (simulation): time 4.649e-06/0.6176, allocations: 0 / 0.774 GB, free: 10.77 MB / 0.6075 GB Warning: The model contains alias variables with redundant start and/or conflicting nominal values. It is recommended to resolve the conflicts, because otherwise the system could be hard to solve. To print the conflicting alias sets and the chosen candidates please use -d=aliasConflicts. Notification: Performance of postOpt removeSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.00296/0.6206, allocations: 2.173 MB / 0.7761 GB, free: 8.453 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyComplexFunction (simulation): time 4.739e-06/0.6206, allocations: 4 kB / 0.7761 GB, free: 8.449 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt solveSimpleEquations (simulation): time 0.0002194/0.6208, allocations: 52.11 kB / 0.7762 GB, free: 8.398 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt tearingSystem (simulation): time 0.0004854/0.6213, allocations: 244.7 kB / 0.7764 GB, free: 8.156 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt inputDerivativesUsed (simulation): time 2.439e-05/0.6213, allocations: 8 kB / 0.7764 GB, free: 8.148 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStrongComponentJacobians (simulation): time 0.000986/0.6223, allocations: 0.9345 MB / 0.7773 GB, free: 7.188 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt calculateStateSetsJacobians (simulation): time 3.556e-06/0.6223, allocations: 4 kB / 0.7773 GB, free: 7.184 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt symbolicJacobian (simulation): time 0.001337/0.6237, allocations: 0.8813 MB / 0.7782 GB, free: 6.262 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt removeConstants (simulation): time 0.0003409/0.624, allocations: 235.7 kB / 0.7784 GB, free: 6.012 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyTimeIndepFuncCalls (simulation): time 0.0001178/0.6242, allocations: 8 kB / 0.7784 GB, free: 6.004 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt simplifyAllExpressions (simulation): time 0.0006054/0.6248, allocations: 87.84 kB / 0.7785 GB, free: 5.918 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt findZeroCrossings (simulation): time 7.916e-05/0.6249, allocations: 35.88 kB / 0.7786 GB, free: 5.883 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of postOpt collapseArrayExpressions (simulation): time 2.643e-05/0.6249, allocations: 12 kB / 0.7786 GB, free: 5.871 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of sorting global known variables: time 0.001098/0.626, allocations: 0.8328 MB / 0.7794 GB, free: 5.031 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of sort global known variables: time 1.5e-07/0.626, allocations: 0 / 0.7794 GB, free: 5.031 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of remove unused functions: time 0.001307/0.6273, allocations: 0.5071 MB / 0.7799 GB, free: 4.523 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Model statistics after passing the back-end for simulation: * Number of independent subsystems: 8 * Number of states: 0 () * Number of discrete variables: 3 ($whenCondition1,pulse_m_flow.T_start,pulse_m_flow.count) * Number of discrete states: 1 (pulse_m_flow.count) * Number of clocked states: 0 () * Top-level inputs: 0 Notification: Strong component statistics for simulation (22): * Single equations (assignments): 19 * Array equations: 0 * Algorithm blocks: 0 * Record equations: 0 * When equations: 2 * If-equations: 0 * Equation systems (linear and non-linear blocks): 0 * Torn equation systems: 1 * Mixed (continuous/discrete) equation systems: 0 Notification: Torn system details for strict tearing set: * Linear torn systems: 0 * Non-linear torn systems: 1 {11 3} Notification: Performance of Backend phase and start with SimCode phase: time 0.001766/0.6291, allocations: 1.401 MB / 0.7812 GB, free: 3.086 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created initialization part: time 0.00237/0.6315, allocations: 1.292 MB / 0.7825 GB, free: 1.758 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created event and clocks part: time 2.876e-06/0.6315, allocations: 0 / 0.7825 GB, free: 1.758 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created simulation system equations: time 0.000602/0.6321, allocations: 316 kB / 0.7828 GB, free: 1.449 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created of all other equations (e.g. parameter, nominal, assert, etc): time 0.002756/0.6349, allocations: 0.6615 MB / 0.7835 GB, free: 0.7969 MB / 0.6075 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: created linear, non-linear and system jacobian parts: time 0.01253/0.6474, allocations: 7.164 MB / 0.7905 GB, free: 9.305 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: some other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.0008248/0.6483, allocations: 1.22 MB / 0.7916 GB, free: 8.055 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: alias equations: time 0.001283/0.6496, allocations: 328.6 kB / 0.792 GB, free: 7.73 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of simCode: all other stuff during SimCode phase: time 0.0004439/0.65, allocations: 355.3 kB / 0.7923 GB, free: 7.383 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of SimCode: time 8.32e-07/0.65, allocations: 0 / 0.7923 GB, free: 7.383 MB / 0.6231 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: Generate the FMI files: time 0.2999/0.9499, allocations: 31.25 MB / 0.8228 GB, free: 214.6 MB / 0.6387 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: configured platform static using cached values: time 0.0001631/0.9501, allocations: 259.4 kB / 0.8231 GB, free: 214.3 MB / 0.6387 GB Notification: Performance of buildModelFMU: Generate platform static: time 2.366/3.316, allocations: 2.625 kB / 0.8231 GB, free: 214.3 MB / 0.6387 GB (rm -f IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp.pipe ; mkfifo IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp.pipe ; head -c 1048576 < IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp.pipe >> ../files/IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp.sim & /home/hudson/saved_omc/OMSimulator/install/linux/bin/OMSimulator --tempDir=temp_IDEAS_IDEAS_Fluid_Examples_Performance_PressureDrop_SeriesParallelDp_fmu --startTime=0 --stopTime=1 --timeout=50 --tolerance=1e-06 IDEAS_IDEAS_Fluid_Examples_Performance_PressureDrop_SeriesParallelDp.fmu > IDEAS_IDEAS.Fluid.Examples.Performance.PressureDrop.SeriesParallelDp.pipe 2>&1) Environment - environmentSimulation: